Obesity & Metabolic Laparoscopic Surgery

Gall Bladder Surgery (Laparoscopic Cholocystectomy)

2010-08-23T08:43:00.000-07:00

Approximately 8% percent of the adult population or more than 5.5 million people in the United Kingdom have gallstones. About 50,000 of these patients undergoing gallbladder surgery each year.

Gallstones are composed principally of cholesterol. Stones tend to grow for the first 2-3 years, at which point growth tends to stabilize; 85 percent of all gallstones are less than 2 cm in diameter. Most patients (about 80%) with gallstones remain symptom-free for many years and may, in fact, never develop symptoms. However, the consequences of gallstones may be severe, ranging from brief episodes of biliary pain to potentially life-threatening complications, such as acute infections of the gallbladder or pancreas.

Until the 1990s the prevailing surgical treatment of symptomatic gallstones was an open operation through an abdominal incision to remove the gallbladder. However, because of the pain associated with the large incision patients invariably stayed in hospital for 5-7 days. Now it is accepted that the best treatment for symptomatic gallstones is removal of the gallbladder by keyhole surgery, termed laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

This technique requires that only a few small (about half-inch) incisions be made in the abdominal wall. The gallbladder is removed through one of the small incisions, the laparoscope and instruments are removed, and the incisions are closed with sutures and covered with small bandages.

The operation requires general anesthesia and is subject to the same risks and complications as open cholecystectomy. However, patients have little pain after the operation, and hospital stays (1-2 days) and recovery (1-2 weeks) are shorter than after open cholecystectomy.

Which Patients With Gallstones Should Be Treated With Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy?Which Patients With Gallstones Should Be Treated?What are the complications of gallstones?
Only 10% of patients with gallstones will experience symptoms. Gallstones that are confined to the gallbladder usually cause only intermittent episodes of pain, known as biliary colic - commonly occuring after eating a fatty meal. When a stone occludes the exit of the gallbladder the flow of biliary fluid becomes stagnant, predisposing to infection and inflammation of the gallbladder, called acute cholecystits. The patient may have a temperature, symptoms of more severe upper / right sided abdominal pain and may vomit.

When gallstones enter the common bile duct they can cause jaundice , cholangitis and pancreatitis.

Jaundice is caused by the stone blocking the flow of bile into the duodenum. This leads to the absorption of bilirubin into the bloodstream causing yellow pigmentation of the skin and eyes.

In addition to a stone in the bile duct causing jaundice an infection in the biliary system, called cholangitis , can occur. This is again caused by stagnant flow of bile. The infection can reach the liver if not treated appropriately, leading to severe inflammation of the liver and eventually to liver abscesses if not treated.

Pancreatitis can occur when a gallstone passing through the bile duct temporarily occludes the pancreatic duct leading to inflammation of the pancreas. The condition is usually self limiting and responds to analgesia and resting of the bowel. However in a small proportion of patients the pancreatic damage triggers a cascade of worsening inflammation leading to a severe critical illness.

Rarer complication of gallstones include perforation of the gallbladder, erosion of the gallbladder into bowel ( cholecysto-enteral fistula ) and passage of a gallstone into the bowel leading to bowel obstruction ( gallstone ileus ).

Once gallstone symptoms appear, they recur in the majority of patients. Most symptomatic patients should be treated. Pain from gallstones ('biliary pain') is often severe, episodic, lasting 1 to 5 hours, often waking the patient at night, and located above the bellybutton ('epigastric') or in the top right corner of the abdomen. Biliary pain often flares soon after eating. Nearly 90 percent of patients with typical biliary pain are rendered symptom free after successful treatment of their gallstones.

Since the advent of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 1988, this procedure has become the gold standard for gallbladder removal. Most patients with symptomatic gallstones are candidates for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, if they are able to tolerate general anesthesia and have no serious cardiopulmonary diseases or other coexisting conditions that preclude operation.

Some patients with very serious complications from gallbladder disease may not be eligible for laparoscopic gallbladder removal. In addition, patients in the third trimester of pregnancy should not usually undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy, because of risk of damage to the uterus during the procedure.

Summary
Most patients with gallstones remain asymptomatic. Asymptomatic patients usually develop symptoms before they develop complications. Therefore, with few exceptions, patients with asymptomatic gallstones should not be treated.

Once gallstone symptoms appear, they tend to recur, and such patients are more prone to develop complications. Thus, most patients with typical biliary symptoms and gallstones should be treated.

Because gallstones are so prevalent, they are often present incidentally in patients with other diseases. Patients with gallstones and atypical pain or dyspepsia need further investigation to determine the cause of their symptoms.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy provides a safe and effective treatment for most patients with symptomatic gallstones. Indeed, it appears to have become the treatment of choice for many of these patients.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy provides distinct advantages over open cholecystectomy. It decreases pain and disability, without increasing mortality or overall morbidity.

The outcome of laparoscopic cholecystectomy is influenced greatly by the training, experience, skill, and judgment of the surgeon performing the procedure.

Assoc. Prof. Halil Coskun M.D.

Comparison of Gastric Banding and Gastric Bypass Surgeries

2009-12-30T23:24:00.000-08:00

	Gastric Banding	Gastric Bypass
Graphical Representation
Anatomy	A band made of adjustable silicon, has been inserted around the stomach as to form a small stomach pouch of approximately 15-20 ml.	The stomach is divided into two parts as to form a pouch of approximately 20-30 ml and this small stomach is connected to the intestine.
Weight Loss Mechanism	Food intake decreases due to restruction of the stomach volume and it can be well decreased by adjusting of the staple.	Food intake decreases due to restruction of the stomach volume and also digestion of the foods decreases because of the foods have taken directly pass down from small stomach to the intestine.
Weiht Loss Rates	50-60% of the excess weight is lost at 18-24 months period.	70-80% of the excess weight is lost at 18-24 months period.
Diet and Required Life Style Changes	High calorie diet (chocolate, icecream, desert etc) should be avoided. Regular exercises should be done in the forward periods.	High protein foods must be taken in the beginning, sugar foods should be avoided (dumping syndrome) and regular additional vitamins must be taken against to lack of vitamin and minerals. Regular exercises should be done in the forward periods.
Nutritional and Vitamin Requirements	Multivitamin, Calcium (rarely)	Multivitamin, Calcium, Vitamin B12, Iron
Surgery risks	Surgery risk rate of early and late period %0-8	Surgery risk rate of early and late period %0.2-10
Eating Adaptation	May be difficult, frequently nausea and vomittings may be experienced	There is usually more qualitied and easier eating adaptation.
Technical Difficulties	No	Yes (a difficult application, more training and surgery practises are required)
Prosthetics (Foreign) Material	Yes (there is silicon material but it’s adaptation is quite good, the reservoir sometimes may create problems)	No
Reversing of the surgery	Yes	Yes (but quite difficult)

Gastric Bypass and Pregnancy : Which One is More Difficult ?

2009-12-24T04:05:00.000-08:00

There are some well known risks for the patient and the baby after obesity surgery, but it should be indicated that, prognancy at the obese women is quite risky whether obesity surgery procedures have not been applied. In developed countries, obesity is one of the most clearest nutrition problem that endanger the pregnancy. Prepregnancy obesity is a risk that increases the posibility of encountering with many negativities can be faced at the pregnancy. Prepregnancy high weights increase infanth death during pragnancy as the studies recently executed.

In a study executed by Wittgrove et al. (Pregnancy Following Gastric Bypass for Morbid Obesity, Wittgrove et. al., Obesity Surgery, 8, 1998, 461-464) complication rates at the pregnancy have been interpreted with a definit number of pregnants. It has been recorded that from the followed patients those have experienced pregnancy after the operation, have 95% less risk for diabetes depending on pregnancy, macrosomia and caesarean. In conclusion, the patients which have underwent food intake avoiding operation are indicated to must take simple precautions during the pregnancy. The group those experienced pregnancy post operation had been exposed to less complications than the patients at the group of morbid obese at their previous pregnancy.

In a study recently executed by Patel et al. (Patel JA et al. Pregnancy outcomes after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2008 Jan-Feb;4(1):39-45.) and evaluates the pregnancy outcomes after gastric bypass application it has been showed that; there are similar risks to non obese women. In this study the author has indicated that pregnancy after gastric bypass application is safe and the complications will be occured are less from the obes women have not underwent operation and morbid obese pregnant women.

In the same way Wax JR et al. (Obesisty Surgery 2008) and Dao T et al. (American Journal of Surgery 2006) in their study have stated that there is not increasing in clear malnutrition episodes and bad fetal outcomes at the pregnancy outcomes after gastric bypass operation. Obtained results are similar to pregnancy of normal weight women.

Suggestions to the Patients Those Consider Pregnancy After Gastric Bypass Operation

The thing should be known is that there is risk both for mother and baby after the obesity surgery. Most of these risks are malnutrition and can be prevented by simple vitamin and mineral support. Preterm birth should be considered at pregnancy and up to this care and nutrition evaluations should be made. It is quite important to make the nutrition evaluation at the beginning of pregnancy. Laboratory data should be used and set up from stratch if there is a lack. Ideally best approach is to consider the nutrition problems at the pregnancy planning. Vitamin and iron support is important at all of the pregnancies but this is more important at the patients after gastric bypass operation. Prenatal vitamins, should be given not instead of the patient’s prescribed vitamin support, but in addition to this. Prepregnancy care should be followed up with careful coordination of the obesity surgeon and the gynaecologist.

Assoc. Prof. Halil Coskun M.D. www.halilcoskun.com

Weight Loss Mechanism Following Gastric Bypass Surgery

2009-12-24T03:56:00.000-08:00

It is a known fact that the patients fill more quickly and eat less after Gastric Bypass (GP) surgery due to decreasing of stomach volume. Two mechanism most mentioned as the cause of GP beeing successful are :

Malabsorbtion (decreasing of food absorption)

Dumping Syndrome

Malabsoption that clinically have importance and characterized with increased fat quantity at the feces, is not seen after the standart GB. Dumping syndrome (nausea, bulge, colic pain, diarrhea, dizziness, perspiration and flutter) is typically seen at some patients after high carbohydrate foods. Due to these effects this syndrome, creates a negative approach against the fattening foods like sugar at patients.

Impairing of the Ghrelin secretion that has developed after GB is indicated to be effective at the anorexia development. Ghrelin is an enteric peptide and it is the only known and participated to the circulatory appetizer. Endogenous levels increase before the meal and decrease after the meal. Ghlerin, is generally producted from the stomach and a small part from the duodenum. Both of these areas are bypassed after GB. Since the eaten food is main Ghrelin secretion trigger and this food is unable to contact the stomach and duodenum, this strengthens the accuracy about the hypothesis of this surgery impairs the Ghrelin secretion. In a study which Ghrelin levels have been investigated; 77% decreasing at the values of patients those have underwent GB 1.5 years ago compared with the thin patients and 72% less Ghrelin secretion compared with the obese control group have been seen.

Anti-Diabetic Effects of Gastric Bypass

Comorbidity related with obesity which has most dramatically showed recovery by GB is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM). 82-98 % diseases of patients with diabetes have been indicated to showed completely recovery. In a lasting approximately 5 years prospective study of the obese patients with impaired glucose tolerance, obesity surgeries have been shown to decreased the progress rate of diabetes more than 30 times. Thus, it has been seen that GB is largely effective on reversing the diabetes which has conventionally accepted as a progressive and deadly disease.

At the patients those have significantly lost weight after GB operation increasing of Adiponectin levels and muscle insulin receptor concentration and in addition decreasing of lipids and fatty acyl-coenzyme A molecules (cause to insulin resistance) have been shown. After weight loss induced by GB, insulin sensitivity measured with minimal modelling has been increased about 4-5 times. Decreasing of diabetes can be commented to weight loss which it’s impact on insulin sensitivity increasing is well known, thus glucose toxicity and lipotoxicity are decreased and cell function is improved.

After GB has adjusted the insulin secretion effect, positive changes occure at intestine hormones. Ghrelin is a hormone which has decreasing probability after the surgery, altough Ghlerin stimulation creates create induced hyperglycemia at humans, it supresses the insulin levels. Glucagon Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) hormone and Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) are classical incretins which have stimulated the insulin secretion againts the enteral foods. After GB, the foods have gone down to stomach, more easily reach to the last intestine by skipping a part of upper bowel. Greater postprandial bolus of the foods after GB, raises the GLP-1 levels. Peptide YY (PYY) has been shown to decrease eating and body weight at humans. Since this is also a last intestine hormone, it’s levels increases after GB, particularly after the meal has been eaten and this is considered to help to the weight loss.

In brief; the mechanisms those can explain the weight loss and improved glucose tolerance after GB are :

1. Stomach volume decreasing that causes to early fillness, small meal porsions and negative conditioning

2. Impairing of the Ghrelin secretion due to mechanisms those can not be exactly defined and bypassing of the upper bowel that creates light malabsorption

3. Increasing of the PYY and GLP-1 and acceleration of the foods to reach to the lower bowel

4. Dumping syndrome formation due to intake of concentrated carbohydrates can contribute to the weight loss at some people.

Assoc. Prof. Halil Coskun M.D. www.halilcoskun.com

Vitamin and Mineral Using After Gastric Bypass Surgery

2009-12-24T03:50:00.000-08:00

Vitamin and mineral deficiency is a situation that frequently encountered but easily can taken precautions at the patients those have underwent Gastric Bypass surgery.

Iron, Folic acid, Vitamin B 12, Calcium and Zinc deficiencies are encountered more frequently. The list of necessary vitamins and minerals and their daily doses have been given following. You can find all of these drugs from the local pharmacies or vitamin support products selling stores.

If you have trouble to find, then we definitely suggest you to contact with your doctor.

COMPULSORY	DOSAGE/DAY
Multi-Vitamin and Mineral	1-2*
Vitamin B12	500 mcg**
Iron	27-28 mg
Vitamin C	500 mg
Calcium Citrate by Vitamin D	1200-1500 mg
OPTIONAL
Zinc	10-20 mg
Laxatives (Stool Softeners)	Constipation depending on iron intake

* Multi-vitamins and minerals should be taken as 1-2 tablets a day with meals.

** 500 microgram tablets or monthly applicable 1000 microgram injectable (injection) forms are available for Vitamin B12 intake.

More than one equivalents of drugs mentioned above belongs to the various companies are available. Your doctor will prescribe you a suitable one among them.

Assoc. Prof. Halil Coskun M.D.

Nutrition Plan After the Gastric Bypass Operation

2009-12-20T09:16:00.000-08:00

Soon after the surgery, you need time for the internal sutures to recover. Nutrition plan that you will apply after the surgery has a great importance in digestive system’s compliance with the new way your foods will follow. Therefore, you have to comply with suggested nutrition plan from first days after the surgery.

The time for everything to be okay and for digestive system to begin working regularly include a duration of 3-6 months. Some days you can take the foods easily without any problem whereas the next day same type of foods may make nausea. This is a normal case that may be encountered during the transition period. Long-term eating discomforts are extremely rare at this operation.

Between 0 – 2 weeks

You will be able to intake the liquid foods those can pass through digestive system without have been caught. This condition should be under your doctor’s control and should begin with his/her permission. We suggest you to feed with only liquid foods in particular during this one week. These liquid foods are : water, tea (prefer sweetener rather sugar), skimmed milk, low calorie fruit juices without intense consistency, grainless crushed vegetable soups, broth and foods in puree nature with low sugar, without rough grains.

Between 2 – 4 weeks

Now, you can begin to take more from the soft foods in puree case. You should eat slowly and as 4-5 mealsa day at this period. Yoghurt, paste foods with increased fluency (boiled potato plane mixing with broth and crushing in puree case and cheese), pudding with moderate fluency and in soup consistency, diluted purees of fruits like peach, pear and apricot. During a few day, after providing a well compliance with these type of purees, again as be crushed and kept the puree consistency, protein rich foods like meat, chicken, fish, bean, lentil and egg should be added to these purees and begin to intaken. All of the foods should be paid attention to be at low fat and sugar rates.

Hardness-softness degree of your foods should be at a baby can eat. Best way to provide this is to use a puree maker tool called “blender”. It is also possible with fork and spoon provided very good crashing. Boiled vegetables can be make puree by crashing them with blender. Protein sources like egg can be mixed with these vegetables and crashed with blender after bringing them into the case that could be crashed by blender. Fruits also can be eaten by being crashed with blender. Fluids like water or juices are used to provide necessary habit level at crushing of the vegetables or fruits. It is possible to use the souces those have low fat and sugar and appropriate fluency to increase the favour.

Food intake amount; foods of 100 gram or 5-6 tablespoons are the correct amount. You should eat approximately this quantity of food at this period. Check whether you can do this or not and try to provide this food intake without forcing. A copule like potato puree with fish puree can be eaten as main course. It enough for you to be serviced by a person and two type of the complamentary food at this stage.

You should stop to eat at the moment of fullness feeling. Your new stomach is above the previous one and the fullness feeling will be occur in a more different way than you have used to. The pouch that serves as new stomach is felt at the chest area since it is next to here. Some people describe this as a “tightness” or a “heaviness”. 1.5 liter of water should be drunk everyday. This amount of water should be taken between meals spreading throughout the day as parts of 100-200 ml. It’s not right to drink water with the meal.

Sample Menu to Apply During The Period

Breakfast

A small bowl of yoghurt or

fresh curd cheese or

3 tablespoons of gruel

Lunch

A cupful of warm soup or

Whipped egg

Dinner

Potato or fish puree

Chicken at white souce

Potato puree by cheese or

Mixed vegetable puree by potato puree

Between meals (once a day will preferred)

Boiled and softened apple by cream or pudding or banana puree or

Milky pudding ( rice pudding or semolina pudding) or

Yoghurt or fresh curd cheese

Liquid Foods

Water (mineral waters or bubbly, carbonated waters are not suitable), tea, skimmed milk or

Fruit juices or

Pates producted for diet

Between 4 – 6 weeks

Continue to take the food types you have taken at first four weeks, but this time they don’t have to be in puree case. A well done chewing will bring the foods as soft as to be eaten by a new begun to walking child. Soft and same amount of foods still should be taken at 4-5 meals a day at this period. You must be sure that the bites are small and well chewed.

After 6 weeks

Now your are ready to apply the long-term nutrition plan. Don’t forget that you are no longer eating only to decrase calorie intake or to loss weight, but you should also intend to take the building bloks those your body needs bu using your current new digestive system effectively. Previously, you were taking fat and sugar as weight makers by eating much with a large stomach but there were also significant building blocks like proteins and vitamins in this eaten much amount and you were taking them enougly and overly with the fat and sugar. But now, you have to prefer and choose. When you took foods with much fat and sugar, doesn’t remains any space for more necessary protein and vitamin as well as already they can not be absorbed due to duedonum doesn’t function. Although the nutrition preferences varies from person to person some gold nutrition rules should be followed after Gastric Bypass are as folllows :

Avoid sugary foods !!!

Sugary food intake at high amounts will cause the condition that has been expressed as depression, exhaustion or weakness. Excess nausea, discomfortable feeling at stomach, diarrhea, abdominal pain and weakening will acoompany to this. When too much sugar taken, large amount of insulin will be secreted but the new digestive way after the bypass has changed response mechanism of insulin against sugar. This can be interpreted as an impotant advantage of Gastric Bypass that creates an internal hate against sugar. In such a situation you should be relax laying until the sugar quantity decreases, take liquid to reduce the solution consistency of sugar and to make it leave as soon as possible and wait the insulin level to reduce. If liquid derivatives of any drug, in particular antibiotics have been prescribed, ask to your pharmacist which ones are sugar free and choose them.

Eat three meals a day !!!

You must eat three meals a day without eating anything between the meals. Don’t allow nutrition ways those will able to emerge in form of “junk foods” or “snacking” at any time during the day.

Eat healthy, solid foods !!!

Soft foods easily slip down at the digestive system and many of the soft food include high sugar and fat, so they cause you to experience the problems we mentioned above. Besides, these soft foods slow and stop weight loss because of the high calorie they have, if they taken insistently. Solid foods should be preferred without using much sauce. Garnish vegetables can be eaten (with a soupsoon of sauce or broth) by a small piece of chicken. In this way you can stay filled for longer time by eating less and qualified.

Eat slowly and stop the eating as soon as youl feel full

Most of the obese people are those used to eat hurrying and without chewing. Eat your meal slowly. Tightness of the stomach wall tells to the brain that you are full, so you must stop eating immediately in this stuation. Otherwise you will encounter with feeling pain and risk of vomiting. You should take care to this matter. Take the foods in small bites case (meat or chicken that cut into pieces as a global rubber at behind of pencils or as a largish taw) and stop eating when you feel the fullness.

Continue to intake plenty of liquid !!!

You were taking a large amount of liquid with the foods you have eaten but now, these amounts will not be enough since you can eat only small amounts of foods. You must increase this liquid intake particularly except the meal times. You must intake liquid one hour after the meals or until remains half hour to the next meal. If you intake liquid just before the meal this time, this time you will not be able to eat. High calorie liquid foods and alcohol have not any function except to increase your daily calorie intake. These should be avoided. Women need calcium. This need can be met with skimmed milk or other dairy products. Fruit juices, paste foods, and foods those called “milk-shake” and made of milk, fruit and high sugar should be avoided. If you try at first few weeks, you will be explore that gaseous and bubbled foods discomfort and cause to nausea. The best way is tocompletely avoid them rather trying.

Healthy Diet

There are five main group of foods and a healthy diet is performed by taking appropriate amounts from the each group. These foods and the amounts should be taken are :

Protein Foods

Foods like meat, fish and bean. They should taken 2-3 times a day as 60-90 gram. You should chew well the foods like meat or chicken before swallow them.

Milk and Diary Foods

You should choose low fat cheeses from this group. You can take 1-2 times a day of 30-60 gr. Skimmed milk and low fat yoghurt should be preferred. These portions of the diary products will provide you to obtain enough calcium from the diet.

Fruits and Vegetables

Try to take 4-5 portions a day. A little water glass of unsweetened tomatoes can be considered as one portion. Salads are always tend to be easily digested. Green vegetables are also easily digested generally.

Carbohydrates

Bread, potato and grains are the mainly carbohysrate sources. They should be taken 2 portions a day. It is quite difficult to digest some foods of this group for many people have underwent Gastric Bypass. Change the soft bread made of white flour and crispy bread with whole wheat bread or wholemeal bread those can be easier digested. It will be agreeable to eat a small portion (2-3 slices) of 60-90 gr at each meal.

Fats and Sugary Foods

Use small amount of olive oil for cooking process and change the puddings with low fat yoghurt. Avoid foods like chocolate, desert and icecream those will cause you to vomit and weakness of your body.

Multivitamin Intake after Gastric Bypass Surgery

Additional vitamin intake after Gastric Bypass surgery is very important. Because it is no longer possible to intake enough vitamins from your foods. Vitanin and mineral deficiency is a complication that has been encountered after Gastric Bypass surgery but can be overcome and eliminated. Unfortunately dedinition of the vitamin level at the body is too difficult. Therefore you may experience vitamin deficiency before show it’s signs or symptoms. If you can not buy or swallow or you vomit the vitamin tablets, you must ask your doctor to provide you to take the vitamins in other format in terms of not suffer vitamin deficiency after Gastric Bypass operation.

The best vitamin and mineral source is the “HEALTHY DIET”. For example the diary products those you will eat three portion a day during your diet, will meet your calcium need (1 portion = 1/3 pt milk, match box sized cheese or 1 bowl of yoghurt)

Our Suggestion for Tablet Intake

One multivitamin tablet each day that included the followed described vitamins and minerals at defined amounts :

· Vitamin B 1 (Thiamine) : over 1.4 milligram

· Vitamin B 12 : over 1 microgram

· Folacin (Folic Acid) : over 200 microgram

· If you are prone to anaemia or weak to this or your routin blood tests show you are anaemic, we suggest you to take Iron Sulphate tablet of 200 milligram additionally

· Calcium : If you can not take the dairy products mentioned above at definite amounts for any reason we suggest you to take a calcium tablet of 800 – 1000 mg a day. These tablets are generally taken by chewing.

Assoc. Prof. Halil Coskun M.D.

Gastric Bypass Surgery Complications

2009-12-20T09:02:00.000-08:00

Early Period Complications

Bleeding : Post operation may be bleeding from mesentric or omental vessels or from anostomosis stapler line into peritoneal cavity. The incidence is 0 – 4 %. The bleedings occuring by anostomosis line can be endoscopically identified and treated.

Anastomosis Leakage : This is the most to be considered among the complications. It can emerge at a very early period such as can be seen 5th day after the surgery. The incidence differs between the rang of 0 – 4.4 %. Tachycardia (over 120 minutes), tachypnea, high fever and oxygen saturation reducing those have developed at the patient post operation may be the signs of anostomosis leakage. In such a case it is necessary to assess the patient quickly and take abdominal CT and US if necessary and to define the location and the level of anostomosis leakage. Drainage, antibiotics treatment and surgical treatment when necessary must be applied.

Wound Infection : Wound infection is seen less at laparoscopic operations than open surgeries. Wound infection is less from 5% at the laparoscopic operations whereas this rate differs between 6-10 % at the open surgeries. These are easily recover with antibiotics treatment.

Thromboembolism : The more you have BMI value, the more you have risk of venous thromboembolism. Low molecule weight heparin assays those will begin at the operation day will be decrease this risk. Thrombosis development risk at the deep veins after Gastric Bypass operation is 0 – 1.3 % whereas pulmonary embolism risk is 0 – 1.1 %.

Anastomosis Stricture : Anostomosis stricture is seen at the range of 2-16% postoperation. The reason is depending more on experience of the surgeon performed the operation and the technics used for the anostomosis (hand-swen, lineer stapler or circular stapler). Marginal ulcers those have developed as a result of ischemia depending on the stress at the anostomosis line play important role at the stricture forming. The stricture reveals itself as nausea and vomiting at 3 months after the surgery. More than 85% of the anostomosis strictures can be treated by endoscopic dilatation.

Late Period Complications

Marginal Ulcer : This ulcer which has developed post operation is mostly occurs at GJ (gastrojejunostomy) line and generally at the jejunum part. The ischemia depending on the stress at anostomosis line and foreign materials (circular stapler metals and nonabsorbable suture materials) those have been used at this area have important role at forming of the marginal ulcer. On the other hand, nonsteroids anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drug using, smoking addiction and intense acid reflux at anostomosis area depending on gastrogastric fistula development are efective on the marginal ulcer development. Anemia as a result of abdominal paint, nausea-vomiting and sometimes bleeding is seen at these patients. Marginal ulser development is between 0.7 – 5.1 %. Drugs to prevent acid-forming, NSAIDs and giving up smoking are suggested for treatment. Rarely surgical intervention may be required at resistant ulcer.

Bowel Obstruction : The most important reasons of bowel obstruction are postoperative adhesions and internal herniation. The most important reason of advanced adhesion at the bowels may be based on too much manipulation with them during the operation. This type of adhesions is seen more at the open surgery applications. And the important reason of bowel obstruction depending on internal herniation is to not close the mesentric defects at enough level. Incidence of internal herniation is about 3%.

Gallbladder Stones : Incidence of gallbladder stones incerase with weight loss after Gastric Bypass. Gallbladder stones are indicated to develop at the range of 38-52% in the first year after the operation. However at 15% part of the patients those developed gallbladder stone colecistectomy by surgical treatment is required in the first 3 years. Colecistectomy is suggested at the same time with gastric bypass application if there are symptomatic gallbladder stones identified before the operation. On the other side colesistectomy at the surgery moment for asymotomatic gallbladder stones or for gallbladder without stone is not a much accepted concept. Some surgeons suggest prophylactic colesistectomy. But the most important disadvantage of this application is to may lead to unneccessary complications (hemorrhage, biliary tract woundings, prolonged surgery time) with a different surgical application during the operation.

Vitamin (Nutritional) Deficiency : Deficiency of iron, Vitamin B12 and some other nutritional elements is frequently experienced after Gastric Bypass surgery because the large part of the stomach, duodenum and the proximal part of the jejunum have been by-passed. Single dose vitamin tablet a day shoul be taken for this. Incidence of iron deficiency post operation differs in a range of 13-52 % in 2 – 5 years period. At the persons with iron deficiency, this need is met by iron tablet intake. In 37% of the patients Vitamin B12 deficiency may be encountered although multivitamin intake and in such a case the necessary treatment is provided by B12 suplementation. Calcium deficiency is seen at 10% of the patients whereas vitamin deficiency at 51%. Except these, secondary hyperparathyroidism may also develop and particularly after early surgical treatment increase bone turnover and decreased bone density may be defined in the first 3-9 moths period.

Mortality : In a meta-analysis executed by Buchwald et al. 136 studies have been evaluated. Mortality rate in first 30 days has been defined as 0.5% as a result of investigating a group of 22.094s patients those have underwent obesity surgery. In an other study has been executed by Podnos et al. Mortality rate at the patients those have underwent Gastric Bypass surgery has been found as 0% - 0.9%. In a review at JAMA journal, in a study has been realized by Zingmond et al. after evaluation of 60.077 patients those have underwent Gastric Bypass surgery, mortalite rate has been defined as 0.33% in first 30 days and 0.91% in first year.

Assoc. Prof. Halil Coskun M.D.

Gastric Bypass Surgery

2009-12-20T08:52:00.000-08:00

This procedure is the most used method in the world for obesity treatment. First, stomach volume is reduced, therefore the food quantity have taken by the patient is decreased. Secondly, food absorption is decreased due to shortening of the covered way in intestine.

This operation should be more preferred particularly at the patients with sweet eating (nutrition with high calorie diet) habit. Because this group of patients are nourished with small quantities but high calorie foods. Achieving enough weight loss may be problem at the surgical operations those only have restricted the food intake. Beside the stomach volume has been decreased, gastric banding operation also provides discharge of the foods without being useful for the body by affecting the absortion of the foods have been eaten.
The patients loss 70-80% of their excess weights within average 1-2 years after the operation. This result is a close to excellent outcome. On the other side, easier adaptation period for new nutrition habit has been experienced after operation.

The most important problem for this operation is that some vitamin deficiencies may occur in the upcoming days due to malabsorption of the taken foods (like vit12, folic acid, iron deficiency). But it is not encountered with a problem for this condition by the vitamins suppliments from out. Experienced surgeons inform their patients on this issue and take the necessary precautions.
Gastric bypass is the most implemented procedur in the world, particularly in the USA. Because, the weight loss and the achieved success with this procedure is higher than the other methods. But reverse of this surgery is quite difficult. It is necessary to the patients will choice this surgery to know that this is a permenant operation.

In conclusion, Gastric Bypass Surgery is an operation that has very successful outcomes for long period. Also it should be more preferred at the patients those have been fed with high calorie foods compared to other methods.

Assoc. Prof. Halil Coskun M.D.

Evaluation of the Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes after Gastric Banding Surgery

2009-12-15T04:51:00.000-08:00

Prevalence of the obesity that has been increased at recent years present the gynaecologists with obese pregnant women’s problems. At the women’s pregnancy period, obesity causes to increasing of some risks both for the mother and the baby will new born. The most important birth problems for the mother are premature birth risk, increased problems at the moment of birth, hypertension induced by pregnancy and preeclampsia, pregnancy diabetes and excess weight gaining during the pregnancy. On the other side intrauterin growth retardation, macrosomia and fetal growth anomalies are more frequently encountered for the baby.

Here, I will try to examine the outcomes of gastric banding (staple) surgery which we have encountered as a frequently used method at obesity treatment, on pregnant obese women.

Bar-Zohar et al. (Pregnancy after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: perinatal outcome is favorable also for women with relatively high gastational weight gain. Surg Endosc. 2006;20:1580-3) have evaluated 74 women those have become pregnant after gastric banding surgery and defined mean gained weight as 10.6±2.1 kg in their study. All births have realized after the 39_th week and mean birth weight has been identified as 3.09±0.5 kg. Major congenital anomaly at women, post-natal hypoglycemia at babies, baby death during or after the birth have not seen. In the light of these findings the authors those have performed this study, have been stated that; pregnancy and birth after gastric banding surgery are considerable confidential both for the mother and the baby.

John D. Dixon et al. (Birth outcomes in obese women after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Obstet Gynecol 2005;106:965-72) have indicated that pregnancy and birth outcomes of the women those have underwent gastric banding surgery are in compliance with values of the women those have become pregant with normal weight and as a result they have pointed out the reliability of this method on pregnant obese women. Adjustability of the staple is an important feature, because this provides the ability for adaptation of the surgery procedure as per pregnancy requirements. A multidisciplinary approach included collective collaboration of obesity surgeon and gynaecologist has been suggested after such applications.

Vejux N et al. (Pregnancy after gastric banding: maternal tolerance, obstetrical and neonatal outcomes. Gynecol Obstet Fertil 2007;35:1143-7) have made evaluation by studying on 7 papers concerning this issue. With regard to obtained data they have ben stated that gastric banding surgery is quite tolerated during the pregnancy and it could be suggested to the obese women in the age of birth child.

The studies mentioned above have showed the pregnancy problems depends on obesity may result in quite high danger. The weight loss after gastric banding which has been commonly used at recent years decrease these risks. The women those have underwent gastric banding operation and then become pregnant can complete their pregnancy process in a successful way without removed their staples and in company with the regular controls.

Assoc. Prof. Halil Coskun M.D.

Evaluation of the Long Term Results of Gastric Banding Surgery

2009-12-12T11:36:00.000-08:00

One of the most preferred method (Europe, Australia and USA) at obesity surgery for today is Laparoscopic Gastric Banding Operation. Approximately over 500.000 patients have been estimated to receive the application in the wolrd up to the present. Long term result of this operation are presented in details following.

Favretti et al. (Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding in 1,791 consecutive obese patients: 12-year results. Favretti F, Segato G, Ashton D et al. Obes Surg. 2007) have implemented laparoscopic gastric banding operation to 1791 patients between 1993 and 2005. 75.1% of patients were female and 24.9 % were male, mean age was 38.7±10.9 years, mean weight was 127.7±24.3 kg and mean BMI has been identified as 46.2+7.7 kg/m². 91% of the patiens have been followed up for a period of 12 years. At first, BioEnterics Intragastric Balloon (Stomach Balloon) has been implemented to 125 of the patients and after providing them to loss weight in a certain extent, Gastric Banding has been implemented. Major complication rate due to operation was 0.05 – 5.9% and minor complication rate was 0.5 – 11.2%. Mortality due to operation (death) has not been developed at any patient. At following up for 10 years weight loss was 101.4+27.1 kg (mean 26.3 kg), BMI loss was 37.7+9.1 kg/m2 (mean 8.5 kg/m2) and excess weight loss percentage was 38.5+27.9%. Regression and treatment have been defined at 36.2% of the patients with Type 2 diabetes and 60.6% of the patients with hypertendsion. At the statistical analysis that has been executed in this study on life expentancy longer-term life has been identified at the patients with the gastric banding than those have not gastric banding.

Mittermair et al. (Results and Complications after Swedish Adjustable Gastric Banding-10 Years Experience. Mittermair RP, Obermüller S, Perathoner A et al. Obes Surg. 2009) have the opportunity at their assessment to follow-up 785 patients those have been underwent Laparoscopic Gastric Banding for a 10 years period. The patients have showed mean loss of 26 kg at first year whereas this weight loss has been mean 40.5 kg at the last of 8 years. Excess weight loss percentage has been defined as 65.5%. Mortality due to operation has not been developed at any patient.

In a conclusion, Laparoscopic Gastric Banding is a method easy to implementation with short length of stay at hospital and which has provided permanent weight loss in a long term. Patient compliance is extremely important at this applcation and the band doesn’t required to be removed if there is no any problem developed.

	Patient Number	Follow – Up	Excess Weight Loss Percentage
Favretti et al.	1791	12 years	%38.5±27.9
Zehetner J et al.	190	6 years	%50
Toouli J et al.	481	5 years	%49.8
Miller K et al.	158	4 years	%54.7
Zinzindohoue F et al.	500	3 yıl	%54.8

Assoc. Prof. Halil Coskun M.D.

Nutrition Plan after the Gastric Banding Application

2009-12-12T06:38:00.000-08:00

Adjustable Silicon Gastric Banding Surgery forms the first step of the change has been realized at the patient’s life style. The time of recovery will be advised you to maintenance yourlife more comfortable, to complete the healing due to operation you have underwent and to comply with the new stage of your life.

The patients have to learn the importance of chewing at the foods they have taken. They should also understand the importance of physical exercises and that they should bring those exercises as a part of their life. It is important to eat with the a baby spoon and to swallow as very small pieces at the beginning as you are new to the gastric band. Food intake with large pieces, may cause to pain and vomitting by making obstruction at the passage where the band is. You have to make a long time for yourself for eating. This duration must include a time period of 45-60 minutes. If you eat fast and much, this will lead to problems. The pouch above the band is very small and if you eat much the foods immediately come back. As you learn with time to eat slowly, you will better fill the band and understand when you have eaten enough and you will learn when will you end the eating without vomitting.

The patient’s diet should include only liquid foods at the first month after the surgery. Because the body needs time to heal and to provide adhesions those will fix the band at accurate position. At the patients those have hurried for solid foods intake, prolapsing of the band and expanding of the upper stomach pouch by this way are inevitable.

Liquid intake begins at the first night after the operation. A spoonful water is given at each 5-10 minutes until 250 ml (a glass of water) has been completed. Rest of the fluid need will be given by serum. Oral liquid intake is rapidly increased at following days. All fluid need at the diyet is begins to be met at 3rd day without the need to serum.

Liquid and solid food need after the patient has been discharged should be met as follows :

First 4 weeks

Liquid diet during first 4 weeks. On average 100 ml liquid is taken in small amounts with tablespoon each hour. Type of the liquid must differ and low-fat milk, yoghurt, gruel, tea, fruit or vegetable juice, warm soup or broth should be preferred. Diet supporting drinks must be added to provide balanced nutrition. It is important to spread the liquid intake to all of the day with small amounts. This period of time is very important for your stomach to heal. Fast beginning to the solid foods may damage your stomach and the band.

4 – 6 weeks

Pureed diet during 4 – 6 weeks. The puree should be taken in small amounts. Soup and nutritional supports are still added to the diet. A lot of markets sell baby food suitable to 5-6 months babies. These formulas are very useful at this period because they have included proper food ingredients.

The patients should drink water between the meals, not with the meals. The meal times can be adjusted according to the patient’s condition but recommended amounts should be checked as possible. Total liquid intake must be at least 1500 ml daily. The liquid should be taken at regular intervals and 100-200 ml at each time. Type of the liquid should be alternated and tea, milk or yoghurt, fruit – vegetable juice should be tried. Pureed food intake must be kept at 500 gr daily.The purees should include meat or fish meat and should not exceed 100-150 gr at once. The food should be eaten in small amounts and slowly everytime.

6 – 8 weeks

Normal foods in small amounts during 6 – 8 weeks. Foods with normal ingredients can be include to the diet. But they should paid attention to be in small amounts and to be taken between the meals. It is very important to eat slowly and to chew completely.The patient can take low fat milk or yoghurt.

Total liquid intake must be at least 1500 ml and the solid food intake must be kept around 500 gr. Solid foods now can be taken at normal mealtimes. However it is very important to eat slowly.

8th week and later

The patients now define their own food menu. Frequently, but slowly eating and completely chewing are still important. The liquids can be drunk only between the meals and as sugar free. The diet must mainly include boiled or crushed vegetables. Fish or low fat meat should be boiled rather than fried. Other foods also must be with low fat (milk and light cheese that have 17% fat in maximum).

FOOD LIMITATIONS

Some foods can not be easily tolerated and they should excluded from the diet unless they have converted to the alternative products those have been digested better. These are the foods which have generally got stuck on the cardia and caused to vomitting and lacking of liquid as a result of blokage.

Altough most of the patients can tolerate when they have chewed well the meats like steak they have difficulty to digest thick piece of the meat. Therefore it is recommended to avoid from eating meat and to gradually involve the meat into diet. Each patient has got his/her own eating capacity. Don’t compare yourself with the other patients eating.

LIMITED FOODS

Solid Foods

White, crusted thick bread

Dry meat, steak (boiled meat should be preferred instead of steak but it must chewed very well and digested in small pieces – after 8 weeks)

Fried potatoes

Cucumber, corn

Orange (It’s fibres may create problems when it has been digested – ATTENTION)

Fibrous Foods

Asparagus, it can be mixed in soup

Pineapple, it can be crushed for juice

Broccoli, it can be used only for it’s branches

Citrus fruits and dried fruits should be definitely avoided since they have obstructed the cardia by swelling.

Fatty Foods

Coconut

Potato chips

Popcorn

Soft white bread

Difficult to Digest Foods

Hazelnut

Almond

Peanut

Soda (carbonated drinks may make feel discomfort)

This list contains the foods which patients have experienced problems. Problem, doesn’t mean ‘imposible’. But it really required you to chew very well and eat slowly. Even so, it will be appropriate for you to make your choice in favor of the other foods.

You may harm your weight loss by taking high calorie foods (like chocolate, desert, ice cream and alcohol). Don’t wait from the band to do everything, know that the power is in you.

If you encounter a problem post operation, don’t hesitate to call your doctor and make your checks done regularly.

GOLDEN RULES

1 – You definitely must eat very very slowly. Comply with this rule even your eating a small portion takes your 45 minutes.

2 – You must chew very well.

3 – Carbonated drinks (soda, fizzy drink, cola) and effervescent drugs (Tylol Hot, Calcium Sandoz etc) are definitely forbidden. Gas bubbles in the liquids may expand the small pouch of your stomach.

4 – You must drink water between the meals. Otherwise quantity of the water that you have drunk with the meals is added to the food’s volume and it may be too much for your small pouch.

5 – You must divide the foods into small pieces before you take them to your mouth.

6 – You must chew the bite very well and swallow slowly after you have taken it to your mouth. Don’t forget to make your teeth checked to define whether your chewing is enouh or not.

7 – You must stop the eating when you have received the first signals of fullness. Even a more spoon may be too much and you may vomit (or you may feel pain at the area where the band is, your stomach pouch may expand and this can cause to form a second pouch and worthless of the band.

8 – You should joint to different exercises (swimming, gym, walking, dancing etc.) according your ability and preferences twice a week.

Assoc. Prof. Halil COSKUN M.D.

Laparoscopic Gastric Banding Surgery

2009-12-12T05:21:00.000-08:00

Gastric Banding Surgery has been brought forward with it’s first time application by Dr. Kuzmak, an American surgeon. The essential of the application is to insert a silicon band to upper part of the stomach just below the esophagus as to form a volume of approximately 15-20 cc. In simpler words is to bring the stomach into sandglass shape.

This is a restrictive (that limits the stomach volume) operation. The essential of weight loss is based on the limited food intake by decreasing the stomach volume. It is not possible to intake excess food when the small stomach which has been formed as a result of staple insertion got full.

The most important feature of the staple is inflatable effect by giving fluid to its internal reservoir. Thus, the openness that has provided the connection between the upper small stomach and lower stomach parts can easily be adjusted. The advantage is that if the person’s eating is much the food intake can be decreased by this adjustment and weight loss can be increased in this way.

This adjustment is made through a connection tube with reservoir at the end. This reservoir is inserted on the muscle layer under the skin. By this way the transition from upper stomach to lower stomach can be limited by inflation of internal volume of the band through fluid has given by an injector.

The most important thing which should be paid attention at the patients those have considered the gastric banding is to examine their eating habits. Particularly the persons called ‘sweet eaters’ who have nutrition habit with the high calorie foods (ice cream, chocolate, dessert etc) must be careful. Because these types of foods are small in the volume and high in the calorie. Hence, no matter how much the staple is adjusted at the patients with stomach stapling, weight loss rates will decrease as intake and passage of these foods will be easy. Many specialist suggest gastric bypass for long term weight loss at morbid obese persons (BMI>40 kg/m²) and the sweet eaters.

Most important advantage of this operation is to be executed laparoscopically and the short length of stay at hospital (1 – 2 days). Returning to work is faster and quicker. But the patients need some time to shift to the solid foods after operation. It is no longer imposible to maintain an eating habit as before. Compliance with the rules is very important for this operation, otherwise some problems can be encountered with the staple and this can lower the weight loss rate.

Most important problems those can be experienced after the stapling can be specified as; reaction of the body against the staple (rarely), sliping of the staple from the place where it has been inserted in the stomach or changing of it’s position, going forward into the stomach (rarely) and infection at the reservoir. Sometimes a secondary operation is required at such cases as well as the removal of staple. Incidence of the complications have been mentioned differs at a range of 1 – 10%.

Weight loss at the long term differs at a range of 50 – 60% of the excess weight at the monitoring after stomach stapling. (at 7 – 10 years monitoring)

In conclusion the stomach stapling application is an operation which has satisfactory level of weight loss rate at long term and can be easily implemented to the morbidly obese patients those have been called as ‘non-sweet eaters’ and haven’t got a habit of nutrition with high calorie foods.

Assoc. Prof. Halil Coskun M.D.

halilcoskun@hotmail.com

Intragastric Balloon Application (Endoscopic Video)

2009-12-08T10:16:00.000-08:00

BioEnterics Intragastric Balloon

Heliosphere Intragastric Balloon

Intragastric Balloon Application Sedation Anesthesia

2009-12-08T09:51:00.000-08:00

Intragastric balloon application is an effective treatment option which has gained popularity in recent years. The patient must be comfortable and compatible for this operation can be executed. Generally there is high anxiety (excited and nervous) level at these patients since they are in a nervous mental state because of thinking and worrying about how will conclude the operation and whether they will feel the attempt during the operation or not. A kind of sleep state that we have called “sedation” is an ideal anesthesia method for this attempt. The quality of sedation anesthesia during that short lasting attempt simplifies the attempt as well as enables it to complete without awareness of the patient. Necessary care is shown to provide the patient has a hunger level for 6 hours pre operation.

An anesthesiologist evaluates the patient before the sedation application. He learns his/her diseases have been experienced and the habits. Anxiety of the patient is important and defining it is guiding the drug doses will be administered.

Vascular access of the patient is opened before the operation. A catheter is placed in the one of veins at the hand or arm. All of the drugs and serums are given through this way later.

Whole operation is executed at the operation room with the secure conditions. After the patient has lied on the stretcher, a relaxant is given from intra venal and the patient began to be followed. The patient is admitted to operation room after enough relaxation (additional drug is given if there isn’t any change for desired level). Additional drugs are given to patient at operation room to provide more sound sleep. The attempt is begin after the providing enoygh sleep level. The patient is in the deep sleep now and he/she doesn’t hear and feel anything almost. When asked to them, the patients have stated that they didn’t remember anything after, our experience of over 450 cases performed by A/P Dr. Halil COSKUN in our application center. Most of them have indicated that they didn’t believe at the first period that the ballooon has been inserted. The mean duration for all of this implementation is 20 – 25 minutes.

The patient is admitted to the rest room in the operation room after the attempt. He/she is kept waiting here and observed and sent to the room when the vigilance level reach to desired level. The patient keeps sleeping if he/she spent the night sleepless and tired, but responses if spoken. Our patients are discharged with suggestions after keeping under observation for 4-6 hours at hospital.

Intragastric balloon removal operation is executed in the same way by implementing of sedation anesthesia. Our patients are discharged after keeping under observation for 2 hours after the removal of the balloon.

Sedation anesthesia is a very ideal and secure method. But it should not be forgotten that this ways to provide sleeping should not be applied without anesthesiologist and full equipped operation room. Because the immediate distribution of sedative drugs differs as to the fat mass index could be high at the obese persons. It should be took care to comply with the rules for providing the highest level safety of the patient.

Assoc. Prof. Halil Coskun

Intragastric Balloon (Technical Specifications, Types and Comparisons)

2009-12-08T09:39:00.000-08:00

There are 3 types of patented intragastric balloon in the world for today (September 2009). Two of them are fluid injection intragastric balloon (Bioenterics® ve Silimed®) and one is air injection intragastric balloon (Heliosphere®). The processing mechanisms of each three products are technically similar.Following you can look over to technical comparisons of three products.

Editor’s Comment 1

Although the intragastric balloons have technically similar features, Heliosphere®, has encountered with some problems related with design at the patent stage and it’s implementations are going on in the some centers in Europe and in our country for the present. The key problems related with the product are those the scientific data on Heliosphere® is insufficient and the multicentric results still haven’t been published. In addition it isn’t possible to be noticed by the operator in the event of puncture at the balloon because of Heliosphere® is inflatied with air.
Bioenterics® intragastric balloon is the most implemented product in the wolrd and in Turkey and it’s scientific results have been declared. Particularly in Italy at Europe and in Brasil at South America multicentric study results have been published and it’s efficiency level has been proved.
Similar results have been seen when you look at the weigh loss outcomes. The scientific study results for Heliosphere® those will be published in the coming years will be more useful to show the differences and the similarities between two products.

Editor’s Comment 2 : (October 2009)

In addition to the previously used 2 intragastric balloons, fluid injection Silimed® Intragastric Balloon which has been included to the field of application with the completion of the patent stage in 2008 has been also began to be used. This intragastric balloon is quite similar to Bioenterics® Intragastric Balloon. It is a very important characteristic to be injected with fluid and it is seen at the same value with Bioenterics® in confidence.
Heliosphere Intragastric Balloon has realized a change in design structure in 2008 again and the case structure on the balloon has been changed to prevent the air leakage. Furthermore the capacity of this gastric balloon has been also lowered from 900 cc to 600 cc like the other fluid injection balloons.
Gastric balloon applications are continued to be used as common practice all over the wolrld. Altough they are used to prepare particularly the obese patients with very high weigh (BMI>50kg/m2) to the surgery treatment, they are also suggested to be used as an auxiliary and supporting treatment method to provide weigh loss at the overweight patients those have (BMI 27 – 35 kg/m2) at the beginning of the obesity but couldn’t lost weigh with diet or other treatment methods.

Assoc. Prof. Halil COŞKUN M.D.
www.halilcoskun.com
halilcoskun@hotmail.com

Intragastric Balloon Aplication

2009-12-07T12:55:00.000-08:00

Gastric Balloon is an application which has been increasingly gained popularity in recent years. The most important advantage of this method is to be performed endoscopically without general anaesthesia requirement.

Internal volume of the stomach is durable to be inflated with fluid or air between 400-700 cc. Restriction of the stomach volume is provided due to this additional volume and so over food intake is constrained because of the stomach volume has been decreased.

Approximate duration of the implementation is 15-20 min. Hospitalization is not necessary and the patients are discharged after 5-6 hours monitoring and intravenous serum application.

Nausea, vomiting and pains like cramp can be observed post application, particularly at first 48 hours. Medical treatment is applied to remove such diseases. Those complaints are temporary and the patient will considerable relief after around 1 week.

Gastric Balloon Application is a non-surgical teraphy. It is an adequate choice specially for the patients which don’t consider the surgical teraphy but can not loss weight enough. However this application is limited in terms of duration, the balloon’s staying length at stomach is 180 days (6 months) maximum. It has to be removed after that period. Removing process is also carried out endoscopically and the patients return to their normal activation after 2 hours.

The patients can loss 30 – 90 % of their excess weights in the meantime. Achievement at the weight loss is closely associated with the patient collaboration. Calorie limitation is suggested to the patients after application. (1000-1200 Kcal). This limitation is performed easily because of the over food intake constraint due to application.

If the gastric balloon is considered to stay at the stomach more than 180 days then it must be necessarily replaced with the new one. The patients which consider that application have to change their eating habits in a 6 months period.

The complications associated to the gastric balloon application are rare. Balloon intolerance and rarely puncturing of the balloon have been declared at literature. It is necessary to removing the balloon endoscopically in such a case.

Consequently; Gastric Balloon is an easily applicable method which can be suggested to the obese patients those don’t consider surgical terapy or avoid from such surgical processes (gastric banding – staple or gastric bypass). However the patients have show effort to change their eating habits to provide lasting weight loss in a long term along with this method.

Assoc. Prof. Halil Coskun MD

halilcoskun@hotmail.com